Durham Cathedral :: Papers

Durham Cathedral Source A refers to the changes made in Durhamcathedral since the 12th century. There are certain aspects that have remained the same. The north doors remain unchanged although they have replaced the real sanctuary knocker with a replica. Although the main structure and architecture of the cathedral have not changed, particular things have, for example in the source it shows pointed towers. As this is an interpretation of an idea of what it may have looked like at the time, it isn't based on any real fact so we don't know if the towers were indeed pointed, they may have been cones. But the towers now are not as they were in the 12th century; they are gothic, flat and have battlements. The towers were replaced after lighting struck the north tower and a fire broke out. They replaced all of the towers so that the north tower wouldn't look out of place. The Romanesque window in the east of the north transept has been replaced with a large elaborate gothic stained glass window. They found that the pointed arch supported more weight therefore they could make it larger and more intricate. The apse has been replaced by the chapel of the nine altars. The apse originally contained three apses, but was replaced in the thirteenth centaury they had become dangerous and were replaced The Galilee chapel has been added on to the west of the cathedral. It is a ladies chapel as women were not allowed to mix with men in the chapel of the nine alters. In conclusion the sketch of the 12th century cathedral is a good perception of what it may have looked like then, based on the sketchy facts provided, although there may be a few things wrong with it, but on the basis it is very accurate. Source B relates to the theory that Durham cathedral was built by cowboy builders. Although it is true that the pillars in the nave are hollow and filled with builder's rubble, the doorway to the Galilee

Traffic Troubles

TRAFFIC CONGESTION: Traffic congestion is a condition on road networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queueing. The most common example is the physical use of roads by vehicles. When traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic stream, this results in some congestion. As demand approaches the capacity of a road (or of the intersections along the road), extreme traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time, this is colloquially known as a traffic jam or traffic snarl-up.Traffic congestion can lead to drivers becoming frustrated and engaging in road rage. CAUSES: Traffic congestion occurs when a volume of traffic or modal split generates demand for space greater than the available road capacity; this point is commonly termed saturation. There are a number of specific circumstances which cause or aggravate congestion; m ost of them reduce the capacity of a road at a given point or over a certain length, or increase the number of vehicles required for a given volume of people or goods. About half of U. S.  traffic congestion is recurring, and is attributed to sheer weight of traffic; most of the rest is attributed to traffic incidents, road work and weather events. [2]Traffic research still cannot fully predict under which conditions a â€Å"traffic jam† (as opposed to heavy, but smoothly flowing traffic) may suddenly occur. It has been found that individual incidents (such as accidents or even a single car braking heavily in a previously smooth flow) may cause ripple effects (acascading failure) which then spread out and create a sustained traffic jam when, otherwise, normal flow might have continued for some time longer.Mathematical theories: Some traffic engineers have attempted to apply the rules of fluid dynamics to traffic flow, likening it to the flow of a fluid in a pipe. Congestion simulations and real-time observations have shown that in heavy but free flowing traffic, jams can arise spontaneously, triggered by minor events (â€Å"butterfly effects†), such as an abrupt steering maneuver by a single motorist. Traffic scientists liken such a situation to the sudden freezing ofsupercooled fluid. [4] However, unlike a fluid, traffic flow is often affected by signals or other events at junctions that periodically affect the smooth flow of traffic.Alternative mathematical theories exist, such as Boris Kerner's three-phase traffic theory (see also spatiotemporal reconstruction of traffic congestion). Because of the poor correlation of theoretical models to actual observed traffic flows, transportation planners and highway engineers attempt to forecast traffic flow using empirical models. Their working traffic models typically use a combination of macro-, micro- and mesoscopic features, and may add matrix entropy effects, by â€Å"platooning† groups of vehicles and by randomising the flow patterns within individual segments of the network.These models are then typically calibrated by measuring actual traffic flows on the links in the network, and the baseline flows are adjusted accordingly. A team of MIT mathematicians has developed a model that describes the formation of â€Å"phantom jams,† in which small disturbances (a driver hitting the brake too hard, or getting too close to another car) in heavy traffic can become amplified into a full-blown, self-sustaining traffic jam.Key to the study is the realization that the mathematics of such jams, which the researchers call â€Å"jamitons,† are strikingly similar to the equations that describe detonation waves produced by explosions, says Aslan Kasimov, lecturer in MIT's Department of Mathematics. That discovery enabled the team to solve traffic-jam equations that were first theorized in the 1950s. [5] Traffic Troubles TRAFFIC CONGESTION:Traffic congestion is a condition on road networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queueing. The most common example is the physical use of roads by vehicles. When traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic stream, this results in some congestion. As demand approaches the capacity of a road (or of the intersections along the road), extreme traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time, this is colloquially known as a traffic jam or traffic snarl-up. Traffic congestion can lead to drivers becoming frustrated and engaging in road rage.CAUSES:Traffic congestion occurs when a volume of traffic or modal split generates demand for space greater than the available road capacity; this point is commonly termed saturation. There are a number of specific circumstances which cause or aggravate congestion; mos t of them reduce the capacity of a road at a given point or over a certain length, or increase the number of vehicles required for a given volume of people or goods. About half of U.S. traffic congestion is recurring, and is attributed to sheer weight of traffic; most of the rest is attributed to traffic incidents, road work and weather events.[2]Traffic research still cannot fully predict under which conditions a â€Å"traffic jam† (as opposed to heavy, but smoothly flowing traffic) may suddenly occur. It has been found that individual incidents (such as accidents or even a single car braking heavily in a previously smooth flow) may cause ripple effects (acascading failure) which then spread out and create a sustained traffic jam when, otherwise, normal flow might have continued for some time longer. Mathematical theories:Some traffic engineers have attempted to apply the rules of fluid dynamics to traffic flow, likening it to the flow of a fluid in a pipe. Congestion simula tions and real-time observations have shown that in heavy but free flowing traffic, jams can arise spontaneously, triggered by minor events (â€Å"butterfly effects†), such as an abrupt steering maneuver by a single motorist. Traffic scientists liken such a situation to the sudden freezing  ofsupercooled fluid.However, unlike a fluid, traffic flow is often affected by signals or other events at junctions that periodically affect the smooth flow of traffic. Alternative mathematical theories exist, such as Boris Kerner's three-phase traffic theory (see also spatiotemporal reconstruction of traffic congestion). Because of the poor correlation of theoretical models to actual observed traffic flows, transportation planners and highway engineers attempt to forecast traffic flow using empirical models. Their working traffic models typically use a combination of macro-, micro- and mesoscopic features, and may add matrix entropy effects, by â€Å"platooning† groups of vehicle s and by randomising the flow patterns within individual segments of the network.These models are then typically calibrated by measuring actual traffic flows on the links in the network, and the baseline flows are adjusted accordingly. A team of MIT mathematicians has developed a model that describes the formation of â€Å"phantom jams,† in which small disturbances (a driver hitting the brake too hard, or getting too close to another car) in heavy traffic can become amplified into a full-blown, self-sustaining traffic jam. Key to the study is the realization that the mathematics of such jams, which the researchers call â€Å"jamitons,† are strikingly similar to the equations that describe detonation waves produced by explosions, says Aslan Kasimov, lecturer in MIT's Department of Mathematics. That discovery enabled the team to solve traffic-jam equations that were first theorized in the 1950s.

How to Write Persuasive Essay on Global Warming Suggestions, Solutions Warnings

So, you’re assigned with a task to produce a persuasive essay on global warming. You shouldn’t be afraid of the assignment for the reason that you have to deal with one of the most challenging issues in the world environmental sciences. It means there’s a lot to say and you definitely will have a lot to write about! With global warming come the climate changes, more intense and long-lasting storms, devastated ecosystems and health threats. In order to persuade the global political leaders to implement the required policies to prevent the further damage caused by the global warming, consider these simple recommendations and ideas. Policy Number One Make sure to mention the energy conservation policy that, as you believe, should be put into effect. The policy would be broad enough involving as many energy usage aspects as possible. Policy Number Two Proceed to the second suggestion that lies in forcing the automobile manufacturers to provide only products with high MPG rates and then produce the brand-new cars that do not work on the basis of gasoline only. Try to explain within the essay that such inventions will be a giant step towards increasing the effectiveness of vehicles and, moreover, it will 100% pave the way to the world that doesn’t rely on gasoline. As a result this will allow for less carbon dioxide emissions from the automobiles we all make use of as our basic means of transportation. Policy Number Three The next policy to be suggested in a persuasive essay on global warming is that special technology should be created in order to make all the appliances functioning efficiently – from kitchen stoves and refrigerators to lamps and game equipment. Any device we make use of uses energy in some form, way or shape. Industrial and even residential equipment need a lot of energy to properly function, thus contributing greatly to the air pollution. Offer an interesting idea for the world manufacturers to work in accordance with the strictest guidelines of efficient energy usage. This in turn will save the users money and minimize the waste of energy and energy sources. As a result, less air pollution will be guaranteed. Policy Number Four The last idea for you to think about in your essay of persuasive type is based on the recycling. Make a suggestion that all packaging should be recyclable and that it should be created on the basis of recycled materials. Thus, the energy will be saved, our natural resources will be conserved, the water and air pollution reduced. Make sure to note that in order to make your policy successful, all the consumers and businesses must take an active part in the offered program. To say more, the â€Å"reuse, reduce, recycle† policy will provide the humankind with an opportunity to reduce the energy amount used in the process. And by decreasing the energy usage without harming the industry this policy will effectively battle the global warming itself.